Skelim as bilong ol piksa bilong pen:
Plan bilong pentim piksa i mekim kala bilong piksa i kamap, olsem na dispela piksa i gat inap long karamapim dispela samting ol i mas kotim, bai em i ken mekim wok bilong bilasim na lukautim ol samting bilong en. Sampela pigmen i ken givim tu ol samting olsem helpim ol mekanik samting bilong pent piksa, na dispela i helpim ol long stap longpela taim bilong penim piksa, givim ol marasin bilong daunim korosen, ol i no inap stretim ol samting na ol i ken tok olsem ol i no gat strong na ol i ken kisim ol samting olsem long{2}} ol piksa bilong ol na ol narapela samting Ol pigmen na ol oganik pigmen bihainim ol kemikel komposesen bilong ol, na kala bilong kala, ol kala bilong konstitusen na ol spesel pigmen bihainim wok bilong ol long ol koting .
Long ol taim bilong pastaim, oil bilong ol kaikai bilong gaden em i nambawan raw materiel bilong ol pen kala, olsem na ol i kolim olsem "paint pigmen", olsem helt na envairomen proteksen bilong orijinel ekolojik raip tung oil. Tupela tradisenel koting prodak wantaim ol naturela samting olsem ol raw materiel na ol moden koting prodak wantaim ol sintetik kemikel prodak olsem ol raw materiel i bilong ol oganik kemikal polima samting, na piksa i kamap i bilong ol oganik kemikal prodak i bilong oganik kemikal polima samting, na piksa i kamap i bilong ol oganik kemikal polymer samting, na piksa i kamap i bilong ol oganik kemikal polima samting, na piksa i kamap i bilong ol oganik kemikal polima samting, na piksa i kamap i bilong ol oganik kemikal polima samting, na piksa i kamap i bilong ol oganik kemikal polima samting, na piksa i kamap i bilong ol oganik kemikel polima samting, na piksa i kamap i bilong ol oganik kemikel polima samting, na piksa i kamap olsem ol i bilong ol oganik kemikal polima samting, na piksa i kamap olsem ol i bin kamapim ol samting bilong bipo. ol prodak, ol koting i bilong ol gutpela kemikel prodak. Ol koting bilong nau i wok long kamap isi isi olsem wanpela kain ol samting bilong enjiniaring i gat planti wok, em i wanpela bikpela indastri long kemikel indastri .
Bikos long sampela mak bilong sais bilong patikel, moa gutpela pigmen i stap, moa strong bilong karamapim na pawa bilong kala bilong en i strong moa, olsem na ol bikpela krai na lait bilong pigmen i kamap gutpelakutu. Fomesen bilong ol agreget i pas wantaim ol kondisen bilong ren, olsem namba wan konsentresen bilong ol riaksen, pH veliu bilong solusen, pH veliu bilong solusen, pH veliu bilong solusen, riaksen tempereja, riaksen taim na kalsinesen temperaja, riaksen taim na kalsinesen tempereja na kalsinesen tempereja na kalsinesen tempereja na kalsinesen tempereja na kalsinesen temperaja, riaksen taim na kalsinesen temperaja, taim bilong riaksen na kalsinesen temperaja, taim na kalsinesen temperaja, taim bilong riaksen na kalsinesen temperaja, taim na kalsinesen tempereja